But his wife, Freddie Alexander, died just three months later. But Joplin was not as successful in love as he was in music. Joplin moved to Saint Louis with a woman named Belle Hayden. He decided to move his music business to the big city of Saint Louis, Missouri. John Stark decided that Scott Joplin was going to become too popular to stay in the small town of Sedalia. It is music for a dance called the two-step. Scott Joplin and John Stark published "A Breeze From Alabama" in 1902. Most experts agree that the traditional music and dance of American slaves played a big part in the development of ragtime. It combines a solid, often lively, beat with a looser, complex melody. The agreement was very good for both Scott Joplin and John Stark. Usually, white publishers paid only a small amount of money for full ownership of music written by African-Americans. This was an extremely unusual business agreement for a white publisher and black composer at that time. Stark offered to pay Joplin a percentage of each sale of "Maple Leaf Rag" sheet music. In eighty ninety-nine, Stark published the song "Maple Leaf Rag." It was not Joplin's first published music. He met John Stark, the owner of a local music store. Something even more important happened to Joplin in Sedalia. ![]() The job permitted Joplin time to write and play his own work. Sedalia's most important citizens visited the Maple Leaf Club. Joplin also got a permanent job in Sedalia playing the piano in a new nightclub. He attended college classes to learn to become a composer. Scott Joplin began his music-writing career in Sedalia. The group sometimes traveled great distances to perform. He formed a group called the Texas Medley Quartet. In his twenties he settled in Sedalia, Missouri. He worked as a piano player and gave lessons in the guitar and mandolin. They included a German immigrant named Julius Weiss who probably had the strongest influence on the boy. That kind of music was played in dance and drinking places and was not considered acceptable.Scott first studied classical music with several teachers. Scott Joplin's early piano lessons did not include ragtime. For example, the character "Treemonisha" receives music lessons paid for by her mother who cleans people's houses. Many experts also think Scott Joplin's opera "Treemonisha" included incidents of his life with his mother after Giles Joplin left. Some experts think Scott blamed himself for the break-up. Florence Joplin also got permission for her son to use a piano in one of the houses she cleaned in Texarkana.įlorence and Giles Joplin separated before Scott became a teenager. The Joplins were poor, so Scott's mother paid for the weekly lessons with food. When Scott was about seven years old he began taking piano lessons with a music teacher at his school. But Florence Joplin wanted her son to learn how to play the piano. Scott learned to play several musical instruments. And all the Joplins enjoyed singing together at home. His father was a freed slave who worked on the railroad. Scott was the second of seven children born to Giles and Florence Joplin. The Joplins moved to Texarkana, Texas sometime after 1875 and Scott grew up there. He was born in Texas, probably near the border with Arkansas. ![]() Official population documents suggest Scott Joplin was born in 18. There is conflicting information about the most basic facts, like when and where he was born. He also became famous.īut, even today, much about Scott Joplin remains a mystery. The composer earned a good living from the sales of the sheet music. ![]() That song is called "Maple Leaf Rag." Scott Joplin wrote it more than one hundred years ago. Today we tell about the life and work of one of America's greatest music writers: Scott Joplin, the King of Ragtime. And I'm Barbara Klein with PEOPLE IN AMERICA in VOA Special English. Scott Joplin, 1867?-1917: The King of Ragtime Musicĭownload MP3 (Right-click or option-click the link.)
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Often relocation companies will want to negotiate verbally until terms are agreed on and they often will have non-standard provisions in their contracts.Ĭan mean new faucets and new knobs on the old cabinets. This means the seller is taking a job-related relocation and there is a relocation company involved on the seller's side. ft.Ĭan mean the seller bought a foreclosure and painted the interior. When the listing agent was asked why she was stating they were newer she stated: "Because each one of them had received a new part within the last year."Ĭould mean a 1700's home in original condition with a summer kitchen in the basement.Ĭan mean a wood frame house from the 50's and less that 600 sq. In one case they were 25 years old each (and also confirmed by a home inspector). It is often a real dump, but it typically has a big garage.Ĭan mean they have never updated the property.Ĭan mean everything is white or light brown, including the tile floors. There was a 40 year-old cottonwood tree that needed to be cut down before it fell on the house. The front yard was paved over with concrete. Has meant a half acre of grass with four scrawny trees, none of which were over 4" in diameter. This was true only if you include living in the garage and on the patio or on the decks and in the utility room. You could actually see daylight through the cracks in the foundation. White ceramic tile for flooring and bright white paint everywhere. This meant that to get to the beach by car or foot people need to get onto the highway and head North for more than two miles, and then take the causeway and cross the bridge that takes you to the beach.Įverything was white. Less than a mile from the beach as the seagull flies The "potential" referred to the fact that there was a large crack through the middle of the foundation, from the Loma Prieta earthquake.Ĭan mean it hasn't been updated since she moved in and still smells like her. Gorgeous colonial style home with great potential It was not a pretty sight!įamily Room Over the Garage, also referred to as a "bonus room" in some markets.Ĭan mean a hallway with cupboards and appliances that two people could not occupy at the same time. In a "fixer upper" with "great potential," built in the 1700's, the door fell off the hinges when we unlocked it, there was no staircase to the second floor. This includes homes that haven't been lived in for 20 years. Often means you need to bring your own lighting, hardware, paint, wood trim, and carpet. Turned out to be located on a busy thoroughfare near a freeway entrance. The listing agent explained to us that this was an unusually wet spring and it would dry out quickly when the warm weather arrived. In one case there was three feet of water, literally rushing through the basement. Often means it is so small that it is difficult to turn around in.Ĭozy, cute as a button, Larger than it looks! Room for a twin bed and one very small dresser. Typically they will only agree to buy it at about 20% less than market value to cover their risk and handling costs. ![]() The listing office will offer you a plan where they will buy your current home if you buy one of their listings. All bedrooms should have a window to the outside but sometimes that important detail gets missed. ![]() These homes usually need some repair work and are priced accordingly, but the purchase agreement negotiation can be tricky and frustrating.Ĭan be a small office with or without a portable closet. This means that the home has already gone through a foreclosure type process and the bank that held the mortgage now owns it and is trying to sell it. This is typically a short sale, (see below) but where the bank is also demanding contract provisions that may be much different from the normal contract in your area. That ability depends on what is in the purchase contract, not what is in the listing description. However, don't assume that if significant defects are identified during a home inspection that you can't negotiate for corrections or compensation. This normally means that the seller doesn't want to do any repairs. LISTING DESCRIPTIONS AND AGENT EXPERIENCES Term used Of the free photo editing software on our list, some are completely free, some offer slightly pared-back free versions, and others are intended more as “try before you buy.” If you need a free photo editor, make sure the tools and features you use the most to edit pictures are available in the free version. Explore the features for each to make sure the one you choose allows you to edit pictures the way you want. ![]() The free photo editors on our list cover every type of need when it comes to editing photos, whether you need social-media-friendly templates, layer editing, text tools, or only the most basic tools. On the flip side, if you like to experiment with different filters and effects, you want free photo editing software that comes with those capabilities. If you simply need free photo editing software to rotate and crop images, robust software with thousands of tools and design assets would be unnecessary. We’ve narrowed the field of suitable programs you can use to edit pictures, but how do you choose the very best free photo editing software for your needs? Below we have listed a few things to look out for in a free photo editor: How to Choose the Best Free Photo Editing Software Top 3 Free Photo Editing Software Snapshot Download the Best Photo Editing Software for Free.Best Free Photo Editing Software Comparison Chart. ![]()
![]() The remnant solids were used as feedstock to generate biogas via anaerobic digestion, with the co-digestate being applied as agricultural fertiliser. The defatted biomass was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis to obtain an amino-acid rich solution. Instead of discarding the waste, researchers put it into the circular economy. This process, however, resulted in two types of solid waste: defatted biomass and remnant solids. Using an extraction process called alkaline hydrolysis, oil was removed from wet biomass and converted into high-quality biodiesel. CYCLALG in actionįor example, researchers validated the process of producing Chlorella, an oil-rich microalga, using a 1000 litre reactor. The waste of the resulting products is reused as nutrients to grow the microalgae, which is processed into the fertilizers and chemicals used in agriculture. The biorefinery produces fertilizers and chemicals the agriculture industry uses to grow and produce food. Put together, the CYCLALG system is the essence of the circular economy. Researchers from the Spain-France-Andorra cross-border overcame this challenge by developing new technologies and production methods. When cultivated to have a high protein and oil content, microalgae – the microscopic species of algae found in freshwater and marine systems – can be used to produce biofuels, food, feedstock and dietary supplements.īut its high production costs have remained a roadblock to full-scale industrial development. The circular economyīig expectations have surrounded the use of microalgae as a sustainable source of energy, food, feedstock and chemicals. ![]() By offering the food industry an innovative option for waste management, CYCLALG simultaneously improved the profit potential of microalgae-based industries. This eliminated one of the key hurdles to developing a sustainable microalgae production industry. Instead of simply disposing of it, CYCLALG uses it as a source of nutrients for cultivating microalgae. For the former, project researchers created an innovative biorefinery that uses an integrated, sequential process for turning microalgae into energy, chemicals, and fertilizers.ĬYCLALG reintroduced a process for reusing the solid, nutrient-rich organic waste generated during the industrial processing of fruits and vegetables. ![]() The project had two objectives: to create a viable process for converting algae biomass into marketable bio-products and to reuse organic waste to grow microalgae. ![]() ![]() ![]() Price is a difficult one – you can get a cheap petrol chainsaw like the Petrol Chainsaw Chain for the same money as the OREGON Electric Chainsaw. You’ve got price, safety, range of use, build quality, fuel type, bar length, and then putting these together in combination to get the best value for you and that’s what we’ve done in this article: Price There’s loads of factors to consider when picking a chainsaw. We look for the best value and all between for all of our readers in the UK: Best chainsaws – editor top picks in the UKīest chainsaw overall: Professional most powerful pick: Hyundai Petrol Chainsaw, 62cc engine and as alternative the Parker 62cc Petrol Chainsaw is very well priced īest chainsaw for a small garden: Hyundai Powerful Electric Chainsaw or Makita DUC355Z īest budget overall: Hyundai Powerful Electric Chainsaw Best petrol:īest petrol chainsaw: Husqvarna HUSQ120-14 120 II 14″ 38.2cc Petrol ChainsawĬheapest petrol chainsaw pick: Petrol Chainsaw Chain or maybe look at the Parker 62cc Petrol Chainsaw Best battery cordless:īest battery powered cordless chainsaw: Makita DUC355Z Cordless Chainsaw Īlternative pick for cordless chainsaw: Ryobi OCS1830 Cordless Brushless Chain Saw Best corded electric:īest electric chainsaw: Makita UC3551A/2 240V 35cm Electric ChainsawĪlternative electric chainsaw pick that’s powerful too: OREGON CS1400 2400 W Electric Chainsaw – definitely worth a look if you want cheaper than the Makita UC3551A/2īudget electric chainsaw: Hyundai Powerful Electric Chainsaw Help picking the best chainsaw for you If you’re just a budding home gardener then of course it makes no sense to spend out massively on an item that you may not use all that often. If you’re a commercial landscape specialist you’re going to want the very best. We highlight a wide variety of features such as power, safety, usability, bar length, does it self lubricate, and things like fuel type. These are best value for money as of November 17th, 2021 and the overall best performance in terms of your personal use. If you haven’t got the time to have a full read and you’re just looking to quickly buy one then here’s our top picks that we thoroughly researched. If you don’t have appropriate clothing then chainsaw boots and chainsaw trousers will really make a difference! Best chainsaws – I love Stihl but a bit pricey for home garden useīefore we get started I am going to provide a list of the most useful and best chainsaws in this article. It doesn’t really matter if you’re looking for an electric chainsaw, petrol chainsaw, or cordless chainsaw, we are certain to have reviewed them to save you time and effort based on the criteria that makes the best chainsaws.īefore we really get into the review much further I would like to highlight one important thing – chainsaw safety. There’s nothing like trying to chop through a log that takes at least 5 minutes with a hand saw, but just 10 seconds flat with a sharp chainsaw! A chainsaw should be strong, reliable, easy to use, and most of all safe. It doesn’t matter what you need a chainsaw for, it’s one of the most unique and diverse items that will save huge amounts of time in the garden. I ranked it second last time but it’s getting top spot overall best chainsaw this year because it’s been so reliable for me. Given it has a 3 year warranty for me it’s the diamond of picks if you need decent power. If you’ve spent any time at all on my site you’ll know I am a total fan of the Makita cordless chainsaw – (quick demo of me using that below) as well as the super well priced petrol chainsaw: the Hyundai petrol chainsawwhich I’ve been using for years since writing this article and I can’t recommend it enough if you don’t want to pay Stihl money. That’s how we’ve based our decisions for the best chainsaws: simple to understand metrics and there’s no shortage of quality tools in this segment – I managed to whittle the list down from 30 contenders to just 14, picking the best of the best from some of my own personal testing. In this article you will learn how to buy the safest, cheapest, easiest to use, and pure raw power chainsaws available for the UK. When a hand saw isn’t up to the task, you instantly think ‘chainsaw’. This article was last updated on January 19th, 2023 at 4:37 am UK’s best chainsaws: petrol, electric, and cordless chainsaws with heavy duty options Our site is reader supported so when you click a link to Amazon we may earn an affiliate commission. Child and adolescent psychiatrists in their studies have stated that these children are at greater risk of having emotional problems than children with non alcoholic parents. People who live in cities other than the urban slum dwellers take up drinking as a part of their city culture. In rural India the alcohol consumption by the family heads is much more than that of the abuse in the towns. Even in India the situations are not very much different. In America and Europe, one in five adult lived with an alcoholic while growing up. Adolescents with parents, who abuse alcohol and create unhappy events in the family, develop a very tough nature that is not easily accepted in the family and society.įamily and adolescents in the context of alcoholism These transitions are biological, cognitive, social and emotional in nature. Rather, experts think of a passage from childhood into and through adolescence as compared of a set of transitions that unfold gradually and that touch upon many individual’s behaviour development and relationships. There is no single event or boundary line that denotes the end of childhood and beginning of adolescence. Historically puberty has been heavily associated with teenagers and the onset of adolescent development. According to the Eric Erikson’s stages of human development, adolescent is a person between the ages of 13 and 19 (Erikson, 1975). It is a time of moving from the immaturity of childhood into the maturity of adulthood. The word adolescence is a Latin word in its origin, derived from the verb adolescere, which means “to grow into adulthood”. Focus of the researcher in terms of the impact is on the self esteem and the adjustment of these adolescents to different situations like, school, teachers, peers, family, etc. Here the parental alcoholism implies to only the father alcoholism, for the mothers are not alcoholics in the particular region. Researcher aimed at understanding the impact of parental alcoholism on male adolescents of Mullenkolly Panchayat. The emotional and psychological abuse caused by inconsistency, rejection and verbal abuse has also been highlighted in various studies (NASW, 2006). This means children who are vulnerable to a host of problems where alcohol diverts the parent’s attention from the child (Sekar et al., 2007).When parental judgement is impaired under the influence of alcohol, children are at risk of suffering both intermittent and chronic neglect. ![]() Problem of alcohol misuse hit the family like a tidal wave, leaving those involved in a sea of anger, frustration, fear and isolation. An alcoholic is defined as a person who has problems from drinking but continues to drink anyway. It can cause number of medical problems, violence in person, and even death. Alcoholism also known as alcohol dependence is a chronic, progressive disease that affects millions of Indians. Possible social work implications, limitations of the study and directions for further research are presented in the paper.Īlcoholism is a growing problem with society today and many people who suffer from it do not even realise it. Researcher speaks of possible social work response to the situations of children with the problem of parental alcoholism. The respondents who are from the joint families reported to replicate higher self esteem too. This could be because of the strong support system they have in the family, who also share the same environment. The results testify that adolescents with parental alcoholism have poor adjustment capacities with school and teachers but adjust well with their home and environment. The study was conducted using a descriptive design, Mc Kinnon’s (1981) Self Esteem Index, Pre Adolescent Adjustment Scale (Pareek and Rao, 1970), self structured Sociodemographic data sheet and Focused Group Discussion. This paper is an exploration of the characteristic influence of self-esteem and social relations of 50 adolescents between the age group of 14 to 18 years, having a parent with problem of alcohol dependence. ![]() [ Download/print: *.pdf.Ĭyril John Moolakkatt, Christ University, India Global Academic Society Journal: Social Science Insight, Vol. Adolescent children of alcoholics: social work response. ![]() The scam is typically associated with Craigslist, a popular ad website in the United States that features posts about jobs, housing, services, items for sale, wanted items, discussion forums and more. Once you have disclosed the code – your number is hijacked. ![]() The scammer will then ask you to (under one pretext or another) to open up a message with a six-digit number. The scammer will then get in touch with the potential victim as if they were responding to the said ad. The scam is also known as the “Google Voice Code Verification” scam and it can victimize anyone who has ever displayed their phone number publicly on the Internet - for instance, when posting an ad. They will then proceed to scam other people (technically, in your name) while remaining undetected. Google Voice Scam is a fraudulent activity when your phone number gets hijacked and a scammer creates a Google Voice account in your name. There are just a few occasions where you might need to credit your Google Voice account - for instance, when making international calls. The best thing about Google Voice is that it’s almost entirely free - most features on the app don’t require any payments. Getting started with Google Voice is really simple - all you will need is a good internet connection and a microphone. It’s simply a convenient and more cost-effective alternative to traditional phone calls. It’s used by individual users as well as small businesses to keep their communication costs down. Today, Google Voice remains a viable phone option that lets one make voice calls over a standard broadband internet connection. However, with the introduction of more advanced smartphones, modern messenger apps and more, Google Voice started to fall behind - until the long-awaited update of 2017. The service was first launched back in 2009 and has since become a must-have for a lot of users. Google Voice is a service by Google that lets you make and receive calls and texts as well as use call forwarding - all free of charge. In this post, we will look into all of these questions and, hopefully, help you avoid most Google Voice troubles in the future. Thus, it’s essential that you are aware of what it is, how to prevent it and, if you do fall victim to the scam, how to stop it. This type of fraudulent activity can cause quite a bit of trouble for you and your Google Voice contacts. If you’ve used Google Voice before or are considering getting acquainted with the feature, it’s good to be aware of Google Voice scams. ![]() It is important to check this account frequently. *Students are not eligible to download Microsoft Office until they are enrolled in a class. All official notifications are emailed to a students' University email account. It may take a day or so after admission for an account to be assigned. UNL / UNO - Once students are admitted to the university an MS365 account is assigned to them.It is important to check this account frequently. It may take a day or so after the enrollment for an account to be assigned. UNK - Once students are enrolled in a class, an MS365 account is assigned to them.More information on EM16 can be found here This is being re-evaluated as it relates to the new EM16. All Former employees are subject to their campus offboarding policy.Faculty / Staff separating & enrolled/enrolling in classes - The existing account will be disabled and a non-associated account with a new ID will be generated.Separated Faculty & Staff in nonpaid role - Account will be permanently disabled within 24 hours of separation.Once employees have an officially assigned University role an MS365 account will be automatically assigned.Depending on role access to certain applications may change. Mail is an example of how Microsoft has effectively distilled email down to its essence, and you may simply find that it works better for you than Outlook does.Students, faculty, staff and alumni are eligible for this service. But that doesn’t mean that streamlining a workflow doesn’t make sense. To be fair, we’ve been critical of Windows 11 and how it eliminates certain features, such as paring down the capabilities of the Taskbar and Start menu. What it boils down to, though, is this: Change is coming.įor now, however, I’m sticking with Mail, dipping my toe into Outlook when necessary. It’s not clear whether the Microsoft 365 version of Outlook will be replaced by this or not, however. Essentially, the goal of Monarch, according to ZDNet, is to add to (or replace?) Mail with a new consolidated Outlook experience-one client to rule them all. ZDNet has gone a bit further, noting that we may see Monarch debut sometime in March, with a more formal rollout by the end of the year. In January, Windows Central reported on Project Monarch, Microsoft’s effort to eliminate the confusion between Outlook, Mail, and Outlook for the Web. Ironically, it may not matter which email client you choose, because on Windows, both may be changing. Mark Hachman / IDG In the future, Mail and Outlook may collide Missing a feature? Mail’s Settings menu will probably have it. That’s just one way that Outlook is “sticky,” encouraging you towards Outlook and its Microsoft 365 subscription. While arranging email and creating folders will carry over between Outlook and Mail, you can’t see an email that you’ve color-coded in Outlook with the same color-coding in Mail. Still, be aware that some features are the equivalent of a one-way street. They’ll talk to one another, so that email sent in one client will be “sent” in the other, as well. Otherwise, though, you can use Outlook and Mail on the same PC. That will open up a menu through which you can find common features like setting an out-of-office notification or changing your email signature. Generally, if Mail doesn’t offer what you want on the right-hand rail or the body of the email, you can find it by clicking the small Settings “gear” at the bottom of the page. If not, you’ll find Mail offers most of what you ask an email client to do. Outlook does offer many more organizational features than Mail, as well as more opportunities for collaboration. Here, Outlook throws tabs, icons and more at you: There’s no way you can convince me that this Outlook interface (from an edited version of my inbox) is superior to the way Mail presents the same information. Where Mail shines, however, is the absolute elimination of visual clutter. At least Accounts offers you a good starting point.) Mail simply feels better organized. (To be fair, this could be made more intuitive by adding an “Add Account” button here as well. In Mail, the accounts Mail manages are prominently displayed on the left-hand nav bar, and adding an additional email account is as easy as simply right-clicking the Accounts button. The capability is there, but it’s certainly not intuitive. To do so, you need to click the File button, which opens the Account Information page, and from there the Add Account button. In Outlook, there’s really no obvious way to add an additional email account from your Outlook inbox. The first, how Mail handles multiple accounts, intersects neatly with Mail’s strongest advantage-the simplified UI. From our reporting, we understand Microsoft's long-term goal is to replace all the Outlook clients (Outlook Web, Outlook (Win32) for Windows, Outlook for Mac, and Mail & Calendar on. On the other hand, Mail offers a few advantages that Outlook doesn’t offer. ![]() Element 115 is a superheavy element, meaning it has an atomic number greater than that of naturally occurring elements, and it is highly unstable with a very short half-life. Meanwhile, a 2019 article in the Daily Express speculated about the potential use of element 115 in the development of new propulsion systems for space travel.Įlement 115, also known as moscovium, has unique properties that set it apart from other elements, including elements 116 and 114. ![]() However, there is some speculation about the potential for future research on the element, particularly in the field of nuclear medicine and radiopharmaceuticals.Ī 2019 article in The Conversation by physicist Adam Rutherford discussed the synthesis of element 115 and its potential uses in the medical field. It was produced by bombarding atoms of americium-243 with calcium-48 ions, which resulted in the formation of element 115.Įxperts in the field of nuclear physics and chemistry generally agree that element 115 is a highly unstable element that has no practical applications in its current form. The team that first synthesized the element included researchers from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee, and the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia.Īnother interesting fact about element 115 is that its synthesis required the use of a particle accelerator and advanced techniques of nuclear chemistry. In recent years, some scientists have proposed that element 115 could have potential applications in the field of nuclear physics, such as for the production of isotopes for medical and industrial use. According to Lazar, element 115 was used as a fuel for a reactor, which produced a gravity field that allowed the craft to move through space without the need for traditional propulsion systems. Lazar claimed that he worked on reverse-engineering technology from extraterrestrial spacecraft, and that the propulsion system of these craft was based on element 115. One of the most notable claims made about element 115 comes from Bob Lazar, a controversial figure who claimed to have worked at a secret military base called S-4 near Area 51 in Nevada. It is believed to be in the same group as bismuth and antimony in the periodic table. It is a superheavy element, meaning it has an atomic number greater than that of naturally occurring elements. It is a highly unstable element that has a very short half-life of only a few hundred milliseconds. It was officially recognized as a new element in 2015 by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP).Įlement 115 has an atomic number of 115, which means it has 115 protons in its nucleus. It was first synthesized in 2003 by a team of Russian and American scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia. Element 115, also known as Moscovium, is a synthetic element that has generated significant interest in the scientific community and the general public. ![]() Promptly exit this page without entering the ASTM Product.Ĭompilation and as individual standards, articles and/or documents ("Documents") by ASTM If you do not agree to the terms of this License Agreement, IMPORTANT- READ THESE TERMS CAREFULLY BEFORE ENTERING THIS ASTM PRODUCT.īy purchasing a subscription and clicking through this agreement, you are entering intoĪ contract, and acknowledge that you have read this License Agreement, that you understand The LCF testing and subsequent analysis indicated that a substantial tensile stress during dwell time coupled with moderate temperatures, to allow for diffusion creep, lead to grain boundary damage that can reduce cyclic life. This was attributed to the lower stresses that developed at these temperatures for a given strain range. At higher test temperatures, the tensile dwell sensitivity for IN617 was significantly reduced or almost entirely eliminated at high temperatures (871–982☌). The failed specimens for this temperature range showed the most evidence of grain boundary cavitation and intergranular cracking. Tensile dwell life reductions were largest in tests at moderate (649–760☌) temperatures. ![]() ![]() The mechanics for the reduction in cyclic life for tensile dwell was attributed to creep damage accumulation at grain boundaries that led to widespread intergranular cracking and failure. Test results confirmed tensile dwell lives that were significantly lower than those seen in compressive dwell. Fracture surfaces of the test specimens as well as longitudinal and transverse sections were examined via scanning electron microscopy to determine the damage and failure mechanisms. Low cycle fatigue (LCF) tests were conducted from 649–982☌ with either tensile or compressive dwell. Therefore, a study was put into place to determine the effects of dwell on fatigue life and deformation mechanisms, for IN617, a solid-solution strengthened Ni-base alloy used widely in the power generation and aerospace industries. However, not much is known of the combined effects of these two mechanisms. Much has been studied on the individual effects of creep and fatigue on alloy life. |
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